Encyclopedia Studies 1 1 2021 05 22 The necessity of compiling a national encyclopedia: obstacles and perspectives The necessity of compiling a national encyclopedia: obstacles and perspectives 1 28 6415 FA Abdolhossein Azarang Author, translator, and editor, a researcher in the field of books and publishing, member of the Scientific Council of the Encyclopedia of Iran, member of the faculty of the Great Islamic Encyclopedia Journal Article 2021 05 25 The compilation and publication of a national encyclopedia, which can document the most basic cultural, civilizational, historical, and identity aspects of a country, is one of the requirements and priorities of the national and cultural policy of any country. Encyclopedias and all basic reference sources are indicative signs of life and intellectual, cultural, scientific, and other fields and activities. Those who have equated encyclopedias and other types of reference sources with the national flag and anthem have neither exaggerated nor overvalued. The fact that our country has not compiled and published a national encyclopedia so far-while it has had the necessary capacity for this important task-is one of the shortcomings that can be compensated as soon as possible in the interest of our national culture. At present, there exists the necessary task-force with insight, vision, expertise, scientific-technical ability, and foresight necessary to compile and publish a national encyclopedia that properly shows all of the cultural-civilizational aspects of our country, one that is at the same time free from any national and ethnic prejudice and is based on international encyclopedic standards and criteria observed in international encyclopedias; Only a national will is needed to achieve this great goal. The compilation and publication of a national encyclopedia, which can document the most basic cultural, civilizational, historical, and identity aspects of a country, is one of the requirements and priorities of the national and cultural policy of any country. Encyclopedias and all basic reference sources are indicative signs of life and intellectual, cultural, scientific, and other fields and activities. Those who have equated encyclopedias and other types of reference sources with the national flag and anthem have neither exaggerated nor overvalued. The fact that our country has not compiled and published a national encyclopedia so far-while it has had the necessary capacity for this important task-is one of the shortcomings that can be compensated as soon as possible in the interest of our national culture. At present, there exists the necessary task-force with insight, vision, expertise, scientific-technical ability, and foresight necessary to compile and publish a national encyclopedia that properly shows all of the cultural-civilizational aspects of our country, one that is at the same time free from any national and ethnic prejudice and is based on international encyclopedic standards and criteria observed in international encyclopedias; Only a national will is needed to achieve this great goal.

https://jencst.ihcs.ac.ir/article_6415_c265dd3d249c5b414c1fff3e25cf1ff6.pdf

Encyclopedia Studies 1 1 2021 05 22 Encyclopedia compiling in the Qajar period Encyclopedia compiling in the Qajar period 29 48 6416 FA Seyyed Ali Ale-Davoud Iranian jurist, writer and researcher, faculty member of the Great Islamic Encyclopedia Center Journal Article 2021 05 25 In this article, the historical course of encyclopedia compiling in the Qajar period has been studied. The Qajar era, which is considered to be a period of familiarity and continuous communication of Iranians with the Western world, brought different gifts, including encyclopedia compiling for Iranians who had entered various fields of industries and sciences through translation. Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar, who was familiar with the teachings and the bodies of knowledge of his time, suggested the compiling of Nasserite Scientists' Encyclopedia to a group of scientists of his time and his knowledgeable ministers "Etemad al-Saltanah" and “Etezad al-Saltaneh” pursued it. The Nasserite Anthology, Kerasat Al-Ma’a, Matrah Al-Anzar fi Tarajem-e Attebba Al-A’sar wa Falasefa Al-Amsar, and Mer’at Al-Boldan-e Naseri are some of the representative works that indicate the flourishing era of encyclopedia compiling in the Nasserite time. The Qajar period can be considered as the period of change from the old encyclopedic methods to the new era; In the encyclopedias of this period, the use of more resources as well as the progress of the alphabetic arrangement method can be seen. Although most of the encyclopedias of this era are historical, geographical, anthropological, and sometimes general, the Qajar era has provided new paths in encyclopedia compiling on Iranian culture. In this article, the historical course of encyclopedia compiling in the Qajar period has been studied. The Qajar era, which is considered to be a period of familiarity and continuous communication of Iranians with the Western world, brought different gifts, including encyclopedia compiling for Iranians who had entered various fields of industries and sciences through translation. Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar, who was familiar with the teachings and the bodies of knowledge of his time, suggested the compiling of Nasserite Scientists' Encyclopedia to a group of scientists of his time and his knowledgeable ministers "Etemad al-Saltanah" and “Etezad al-Saltaneh” pursued it. The Nasserite Anthology, Kerasat Al-Ma’a, Matrah Al-Anzar fi Tarajem-e Attebba Al-A’sar wa Falasefa Al-Amsar, and Mer’at Al-Boldan-e Naseri are some of the representative works that indicate the flourishing era of encyclopedia compiling in the Nasserite time. The Qajar period can be considered as the period of change from the old encyclopedic methods to the new era; In the encyclopedias of this period, the use of more resources as well as the progress of the alphabetic arrangement method can be seen. Although most of the encyclopedias of this era are historical, geographical, anthropological, and sometimes general, the Qajar era has provided new paths in encyclopedia compiling on Iranian culture.

https://jencst.ihcs.ac.ir/article_6416_86a2f0685deb97bf7ee4c03ed265fbd3.pdf

Encyclopedia Studies 1 1 2021 05 22 The Mosaheb Encyclopedia compilation process The Mosaheb Encyclopedia compilation process 49 68 6417 FA Asghar Esmaeili Assistant Professor. Institute for humanities and cultural studies Journal Article 2021 05 25 Persian encyclopedia of Gholam Hossein Mosaheb can be considered the beginning of encyclopedia compiling in Iran; it can be a good model for encyclopedists in terms of content and form. In this article, in order to follow the eligible methods of Gholam Hossein Masaheb in the encyclopedia compiling, his steps were scrutinized as following: (1) Meeting with the supervisors of the prominent encyclopedias of the world, (2) Entry selection, (3) Codification of the method, (4) Providing a library for the encyclopedia, (5) Selection of collaborators (authors and editors), and (6) Writing style. In these sections, the opinions of Mosaheb, his colleagues, and the reference experts about his activity and work have been analyzed and an attempt has been made to examine his preferred methods in the view of scholars so that encyclopedists and reference experts can use them. Persian encyclopedia of Gholam Hossein Mosaheb can be considered the beginning of encyclopedia compiling in Iran; it can be a good model for encyclopedists in terms of content and form. In this article, in order to follow the eligible methods of Gholam Hossein Masaheb in the encyclopedia compiling, his steps were scrutinized as following: (1) Meeting with the supervisors of the prominent encyclopedias of the world, (2) Entry selection, (3) Codification of the method, (4) Providing a library for the encyclopedia, (5) Selection of collaborators (authors and editors), and (6) Writing style. In these sections, the opinions of Mosaheb, his colleagues, and the reference experts about his activity and work have been analyzed and an attempt has been made to examine his preferred methods in the view of scholars so that encyclopedists and reference experts can use them.

https://jencst.ihcs.ac.ir/article_6417_487eda3301993d0c5851a06f08f80946.pdf

Encyclopedia Studies 1 1 2021 05 22 The Role of Encyclopedias in Promoting Public Culture: A Historical Analysis The Role of Encyclopedias in Promoting Public Culture: A Historical Analysis 69 96 6418 FA Ahmad Pakatchi Associate professor of the institute for humanities and cultural studies Journal Article 2021 05 25 The entry of the Western world into the Age of Enlightenment required that the level of literacy in the various classes of society be raised, and that all members of society at large be made more mindful; this entailed continuous public education. General education, which is a structured term in the field of culture, is more reminiscent of school education, but this type of education always has limited periods and usually does not last after the person enters society; The Enlightenment, on the other hand, required continued education and awareness. Encyclopedia, as an institution across the school that could ensure this continuity in public education, was able to play such a role. What has actually happened in the Western arena during the Enlightenment is the establishment of the encyclopedia in its new sense and the serious function of this cultural issue as an institution for continuing public education, complementing school performance, and helping to raise awareness among different sections of society. In the present study, the main issue is the role of encyclopedias in continuing public education and their performance during the Enlightenment, especially among the leading nations of Europe, and in terms of methodology, this study is a history of thought, and uses the methods of this field. The entry of the Western world into the Age of Enlightenment required that the level of literacy in the various classes of society be raised, and that all members of society at large be made more mindful; this entailed continuous public education. General education, which is a structured term in the field of culture, is more reminiscent of school education, but this type of education always has limited periods and usually does not last after the person enters society; The Enlightenment, on the other hand, required continued education and awareness. Encyclopedia, as an institution across the school that could ensure this continuity in public education, was able to play such a role. What has actually happened in the Western arena during the Enlightenment is the establishment of the encyclopedia in its new sense and the serious function of this cultural issue as an institution for continuing public education, complementing school performance, and helping to raise awareness among different sections of society. In the present study, the main issue is the role of encyclopedias in continuing public education and their performance during the Enlightenment, especially among the leading nations of Europe, and in terms of methodology, this study is a history of thought, and uses the methods of this field.

https://jencst.ihcs.ac.ir/article_6418_937e4e978f144d02080fbd504c1bc961.pdf

Encyclopedia Studies 1 1 2021 05 22 Ancient Iranian-Islamic encyclopedias from the third to the fifth centuries AH Ancient Iranian-Islamic encyclopedias from the third to the fifth centuries AH 97 126 6538 FA Najafqoli Habibi Associate Professor of Islamic Philosophy and Wisdom, University of Tehran Journal Article 2021 06 16 In this article, first the expansion of the field of religious education of Islam (i.e., Islamic Theology) until the end of the first century A.H. is pointed out, and then the expansion of knowledge in various fields of science and education from literature, history, jurisprudence, rational sciences, medicine, and other sciences is briefly considered. Besides, the formation of Islamic civilization from the second century A.H. onwards, especially the House of Wisdom (Daarolhekma) in Baghdad in the late second and early third century A.H., is considered, and its effect on the general tendency of the people of knowledge to compile large collections in various religious, cultural, scientific, literary and historical fields—such as Poetry and Poets by Ibn Qutaybah Dinevari (267 A.H.), Al-Tabaqaat Al-Kubra by Ibn Sa'd (230 A.H.) and tens of other titles over decades and centuries—have been discussed. After a brief explanation of these preliminaries, the features of the three encyclopedias (1) Al-Ma'aref by Ibn al-Qutaibe al-Dinevari, (2) Mafatih al-Uloom by al-Khwarizmi, and (3) Ibn Sina’s encyclopedia are discussed. In this article, first the expansion of the field of religious education of Islam (i.e., Islamic Theology) until the end of the first century A.H. is pointed out, and then the expansion of knowledge in various fields of science and education from literature, history, jurisprudence, rational sciences, medicine, and other sciences is briefly considered. Besides, the formation of Islamic civilization from the second century A.H. onwards, especially the House of Wisdom (Daarolhekma) in Baghdad in the late second and early third century A.H., is considered, and its effect on the general tendency of the people of knowledge to compile large collections in various religious, cultural, scientific, literary and historical fields—such as Poetry and Poets by Ibn Qutaybah Dinevari (267 A.H.), Al-Tabaqaat Al-Kubra by Ibn Sa'd (230 A.H.) and tens of other titles over decades and centuries—have been discussed. After a brief explanation of these preliminaries, the features of the three encyclopedias (1) Al-Ma'aref by Ibn al-Qutaibe al-Dinevari, (2) Mafatih al-Uloom by al-Khwarizmi, and (3) Ibn Sina’s encyclopedia are discussed.

https://jencst.ihcs.ac.ir/article_6538_04f5104ceb92c037cc559b1714ae1b9c.pdf

Encyclopedia Studies 1 1 2021 05 22 A review of pharmaceutical encyclopedias in Iran A review of pharmaceutical encyclopedias in Iran 127 144 6539 FA Mohammad Sadegh Sajadi Researcher, author, translator, editor-in-chief of the Dictionary of Children and Adolescents Journal Article 2021 06 16 Pharmacology and compiling large and small books in this field in Iran dates back to pre-Islamic times, especially Jundishapur, which was still active until about three centuries after Islam. Prior to Islam, and especially in the Islamic era, numerous monographs on simple and compound drugs were written by doctors and pharmacists of Jundishapuri and their students. This legacy, as described in books and articles on the history of medicine, soon became one of the most prominent areas of the scientific endeavor of famous physicians and pharmacists of the Islamic era such as Abu Mansour Heravi, Ibn Rabban Tabari, Mohammad Ibn Zakaria Razi, Abu Ali Sina, and Seyyed Ismail Jorjani. As the result, important works appeared in this branch of knowledge, which are the subject of this article. Pharmacology and compiling large and small books in this field in Iran dates back to pre-Islamic times, especially Jundishapur, which was still active until about three centuries after Islam. Prior to Islam, and especially in the Islamic era, numerous monographs on simple and compound drugs were written by doctors and pharmacists of Jundishapuri and their students. This legacy, as described in books and articles on the history of medicine, soon became one of the most prominent areas of the scientific endeavor of famous physicians and pharmacists of the Islamic era such as Abu Mansour Heravi, Ibn Rabban Tabari, Mohammad Ibn Zakaria Razi, Abu Ali Sina, and Seyyed Ismail Jorjani. As the result, important works appeared in this branch of knowledge, which are the subject of this article.

https://jencst.ihcs.ac.ir/article_6539_b7d45164f2fbb8f324e7acb3c531d24e.pdf

Encyclopedia Studies 1 1 2021 05 22 Modern Persian lexicography with a look at its historical background Modern Persian lexicography with a look at its historical background 145 178 6540 FA S.Mostafa Assi Associate Professor, Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies Journal Article 2021 06 16 The history of lexicography in Iran is very old and dates back to two thousand years ago at the time of compiling dictionaries for Middle Persian. In this article, after looking at the long and fruitful tradition of Persian lexicography, its current situation and new developments are described. In the last three or four decades, lexicography in Iran, along with Western countries, has changed from a traditional activity to a scientific and professional field. This area of applied linguistics tries to improve the form and content of dictionaries by using the following factors: (1) The latest theoretical and practical achievements of linguistics in the field of lexicography, (2) Computational and information technology methods, and (3) corpus-based approach to lexicography. The history of lexicography in Iran is very old and dates back to two thousand years ago at the time of compiling dictionaries for Middle Persian. In this article, after looking at the long and fruitful tradition of Persian lexicography, its current situation and new developments are described. In the last three or four decades, lexicography in Iran, along with Western countries, has changed from a traditional activity to a scientific and professional field. This area of applied linguistics tries to improve the form and content of dictionaries by using the following factors: (1) The latest theoretical and practical achievements of linguistics in the field of lexicography, (2) Computational and information technology methods, and (3) corpus-based approach to lexicography.

https://jencst.ihcs.ac.ir/article_6540_185cb39b834c965516f7a4ad906ef7ec.pdf

Encyclopedia Studies 1 1 2021 05 22 The role of miraculous writing in the tradition of Iranian visual encyclopedia Case study: Illustrated encyclopedia of The Qazvini’s The wonders of creatures The role of miraculous writing in the tradition of Iranian visual encyclopedia Case study: Illustrated encyclopedia of The Qazvini’s The wonders of creatures 179 200 6541 FA Maryam Kamyar Assistant Professor of Art Research, Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies, (Corresponding Author) Maryam Zare Khalili PhD candidate in Art Research, Tarbiat Modares University Journal Article 2021 06 16 The books of the Wonders are one of the most important pictorial encyclopedias in recognizing thoughts, beliefs and customs. The narratives of these books are influenced by religious and ethnic factors, historical events, inventions and discoveries such as the arrival of tourists, Iranians traveling to distant lands and the translation movement. What is called miracle writing today refers to texts that have their roots in the oral culture of the people and have been compiled in the form of encyclopedias. In this article, while reviewing the tradition of miracle writing in Iran, we have introduced and studied one of the illustrated manuscripts of the book The Wonders of Creation by Qazvini which is kept in the Bavaria Library in Munich, Germany. Numerous copies of this book are kept in libraries, museums and private collections. The manuscript that has been studied in this research was produced in 678 A.H. and is the oldest available copy of this book. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical along with library study. Considering the fact that the author of the book (Qazvini) was alive at the time of the book's publication, this issue has been considered in the visual analysis of 467 drawings and 44 line drawings in the text; the painter has depicted what has been described in the text and has avoided making any additions. The drawings depicted in the main text of the Wonders of Creation are completely in line with clarifying the meanings of the text. The books of the Wonders are one of the most important pictorial encyclopedias in recognizing thoughts, beliefs and customs. The narratives of these books are influenced by religious and ethnic factors, historical events, inventions and discoveries such as the arrival of tourists, Iranians traveling to distant lands and the translation movement. What is called miracle writing today refers to texts that have their roots in the oral culture of the people and have been compiled in the form of encyclopedias. In this article, while reviewing the tradition of miracle writing in Iran, we have introduced and studied one of the illustrated manuscripts of the book The Wonders of Creation by Qazvini which is kept in the Bavaria Library in Munich, Germany. Numerous copies of this book are kept in libraries, museums and private collections. The manuscript that has been studied in this research was produced in 678 A.H. and is the oldest available copy of this book. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical along with library study. Considering the fact that the author of the book (Qazvini) was alive at the time of the book's publication, this issue has been considered in the visual analysis of 467 drawings and 44 line drawings in the text; the painter has depicted what has been described in the text and has avoided making any additions. The drawings depicted in the main text of the Wonders of Creation are completely in line with clarifying the meanings of the text.

https://jencst.ihcs.ac.ir/article_6541_ade05062bdd07d55c529293b36da239d.pdf

Encyclopedia Studies 1 1 2021 05 22 An overview of Arabic encyclopedias An overview of Arabic encyclopedias 201 217 6546 FA Inayatullah Fatehiannad Graduated from the University of Science and Research with a PhD in Persian Language and Literature Journal Article 2021 06 16 Encyclopedias generally contain a wide range of human sciences and knowledge, and are structured and categorized either by subject or alphabetically similar to dictionaries. The structure of the most well-known encyclopedic articles is of the second type. In this article, the author gives an overview of the encyclopedia compiling in Arabic and its historical background, by introducing the most important Arabic encyclopedias and examines the characteristics, writing style, and strengths and weaknesses of each these encyclopedias. In this research, the encyclopedias of Butrus al-Bustani, the Encyclopedia of the Twentieth Century, the Encyclopedia of Islam, the Encyclopedia of the Shiite Islam, Al-A'laam, and the Shiite nobilities have been studied. Encyclopedias generally contain a wide range of human sciences and knowledge, and are structured and categorized either by subject or alphabetically similar to dictionaries. The structure of the most well-known encyclopedic articles is of the second type. In this article, the author gives an overview of the encyclopedia compiling in Arabic and its historical background, by introducing the most important Arabic encyclopedias and examines the characteristics, writing style, and strengths and weaknesses of each these encyclopedias. In this research, the encyclopedias of Butrus al-Bustani, the Encyclopedia of the Twentieth Century, the Encyclopedia of Islam, the Encyclopedia of the Shiite Islam, Al-A'laam, and the Shiite nobilities have been studied.

https://jencst.ihcs.ac.ir/article_6546_9cdd42f03428c81c3980a20c4d564081.pdf